A Summary of Aviation Instructor's Handbook

 

I made this review sheet to help review the fundamentals of instruction. Everything is extracted from the Aviation Instructor's Handbook(2020) from the beginning to the end. This is to help other CFI applicants. 
Have all bulletins memorized and understood, you should have no issue with FOI during your CFI oral evaluation.   

Learning Process


Learning theory 

Behaviorism: Animal and human behavior in terms of observable and measurable responses to stimuli

Cognitive theory: Focus on what’s going on inside the mind, more concerned with cognition(knowing, perceiving, problem-solving, decision-making, awareness, and related intellectual activities thant with stimulus and response. 


Characteristics of Learning

  • Learning is purposeful

  • Learning is a result of experience 

  • Learning is multifaceted

  • Learning is an active process 


Laws of Learning 

  • Recency

  • Intensity 

  • Exercise

  • Primacy

  • Effect

  • Readiness 


Levels of Learning

  • Rote

  • Understanding

  • Application

  • Correlation 


Skill Knowledge 

Stages of Skill Acquisition 

  • Cognitive stage

  • Associated stage

  • Automatic response stage

Types of Practice

  • Deliberate practice

  • Blocked practice

  • Random practice





Memory

  • Sensory memory

  • Short-term memory

  • Long-term memory



How Usage Affects Memory

  • How often has the knowledge been used in the past

  • How recently the knowledge has been used


Forgetting

  • Retrieval failure

  • Fading

  • Interference

  • Repression or suppression


Retention of Learning

  • Praise stimulates remembering

  • Recall is promoted by association

  • Favorable attitudes aid retention

  • Learning with all senses is the most effective 

  • Meaningful repetition aids recall

  • Mnemonics 


Human Behavior and Effective Communication


Control of Human Behavior

Definition of Human Behavior: The study of human behavior is an attempt to explain how and why human function the way they do

Personality Types: MBTI(Myers-briggs Type Indicator) distilled human behavior into sixteen distinct personality types

Instructor and Student Relationship: Everyone has an individual style of learning based on personality type. In this theory, working with that style rather than against it, benefits both instructor and learner. 


Human Needs(Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs)

  • Physiological needs: Food, water

  • Safety needs

  • Social needs

  • Self-Esteem

  • Self-Actualization

 


Defense Mechanisms(Human factors that inhibit learning)

  • Repression

  • Denial 

  • Compensation

  • Projection

  • Rationalization

  • Fantasy

  • Reaction formation

  • Displacement 


Student Emotional Reactions

Anxiety: 

Normal reaction to stress: Responds rapidly and exactly within the limits of their experience and training 

Abnormal reaction to stress: Inappropriate reactions, such as extreme over-cooperation, painstaking self-control, change of mood, severe anger directed towards the CFI

Flight instructor’s responsibility regarding seriously abnormal students: Refrain from instructing the learner, and assure such person does not become certificated pilot through evaluation from another CFI. 

Teaching adult students: Assume responsibility only for his/her own expectations, not for those of learners. Self-direction, but not isolation. Refrain from spoon feeding. Set a cooperative learning climate. 


Basic elements of communication 

  • Source

  • Symbols

  • Receiver


Barriers of effective communication 

  • Lack of common experience 

  • Confusion between symbol and symbolized object

  • Overuse of abstractions 

  • External factors 

  • Interference 


Teaching Process


Essential Teaching Skills

  • People’s skills

  • Subject matter expertise

  • Assessment skills

  • Management skills


Training Objectives and Standards

  • Performance-based Objectives

  • Decision-based Objectives


Organization of Material

Introduction:

  • Attention

  • Motivation

  • Overview, Completion standards

Development:

  • Past to present

  • Simple to complex

  • Known to unknown

  • Most frequently used to least used

Conclusion


Training Delivery Method

  • Lecture method

  • Discussion method

  • Guided discussion method


Types of Problem-based Instruction

  • Scenario-based

  • Collaborative problem-solving

  • Case study


Phases of Demonstration-Performance Method

  • Explanation phase

  • Demonstration phase

  • Learner performance and instruction supervision phase

  • Evaluation phase



Categories of Assessment

  • Traditional assessment 

  • Authentic assessment 

Characteristics of Effective Assessment

  • Objective

  • Flexible

  • Acceptable

  • Comprehensive

  • Constructive

  • Organized

  • Thoughtful

  • Specific 


Methods of Critiques and Oral Assessment

  • Instructor/learner critique

  • Learner-Led critique

  • Small group critique 

  • Individual learner critique by another learner 

  • Self-critique 

  • Written critique 



Types of Questions to Avoid

  • Puzzle

  • Oversize

  • Toss-up

  • Bewilderment

  • Trick questions

  • Irrelevant 


Characteristics of a Well-Planned Lesson

  • Unity

  • Content 

  • Scope 

  • Practicality

  • Flexibility

  • Relation to course of training

  • Instructional steps


Responses to Student’s Questions

  • Be sure you clearly understands the question before attempting to answer

  • Display interest in the learner’s question and frame an answer that is as direct and accurate as possible

  • After responding, determine whether or not the learner is satisfied with the answer

Instructor Characteristics and Responsibilities


Aviation Instructor Responsibilities

  • Helping learners to learn

  • Provide adequate instruction

  • Demand Standards of performance 

  • Emphasizing the positive

  • Minimizing learner frustration 


Flight Instructor Responsibilities 

  • Evaluation of learner’s piloting ability

  • Pilot supervision

  • Practical test recommendations

  • Flight instructor endorsements 

  • Additional training and endorsements

  • Pilot proficiency 

  • See and avoid responsibility

  • Learner’s pre-solo flight thought process


Professionalism as an Instructor

  • Sincerity 

  • Acceptance of the learner

  • Personal appearance and habits

  • Demeanor

  • Proper language 

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